What can I deduct as maintenance payments to ex-spouses?
You can deduct all maintenance payments to your ex-spouse, regardless of whether they use the funds for this purpose or not. It does not matter whether you make the maintenance payment voluntarily or are obliged to do so.
You can deduct the following expenses as maintenance, provided they are so-called typical maintenance payments:
- Regular cash payments
- Goods
- Insurance contributions
- One-off payments
- Consumption-based costs, e.g. for heating, electricity, water
- Rental value of the house or flat provided, up to the usual local rent
- Payments to offset tax disadvantages incurred by the recipient due to the taxation of maintenance payments
- Payments to third parties for the benefit of the maintenance beneficiary (e.g. rent payments directly to the landlord)
In the case of free provision of a flat, this is a form of maintenance in kind, which can be taken into account in real splitting at the local rental rate. The local rental rate must also be applied if the parties have agreed on a lower monetary housing benefit under maintenance law (BFH ruling of 29.6.2022, X R 33/20). However, the BFH makes the following restriction: If the joint children continue to live in the provided flat, the housing benefit attributable to them is not taken into account in the maintenance payments deductible under § 10 (1a) No. 1 EStG.
The BFH also points out another special feature: The provision of a flat to the divorced or permanently separated spouse can also be based on a paid legal relationship. In other words, the provision of use is not maintenance, but a "genuine" rental. This does not fall within the scope of § 10 (1a) No. 1 EStG, i.e. real splitting, but is to be assessed as income from renting and leasing, as in the case of renting to third parties.
In the case in dispute, the BFH assessed the separation and divorce settlement as not intended to be a classic rental, but rather maintenance in kind. However, this may be different in individual cases, especially if there is explicit mention of "residential rental" or if the terms "rent" or "payment" appear in the contract text.
